Treaty with France
La Grande Paix de Montréal / Great Peace of Montreal, 1701
Treaties with the United States Government
The Federal Removal Treaty
Dr. Vizenor suggests readers investigate the 1867 Treaty, the Federal Removal Treaty, of which he wrote: “the original treaty that concocted the reservation conked out at the very start, a party pact delusion and greedy course to the white pine.” [Treaty Shirts]
Indian Reorganizational Act / Wheeler-Howard Act, 1934
Why Treaties Matter
“Today, treaties continue to affirm the inherent sovereignty of American Indian nations. Tribal governments maintain nation-to-nation relationships with the United States government. Tribal nations manage lands, resources, and economies, protect people, and build more secure futures for generations to come.” [From treatiesmatter.org, a joint effort of the Indian Affairs Council of the State of Minnesota, Minnesota Humanities Center, and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian]
White Earth Nation Constitution
The Constitution of the White Earth Nation
[Courtesy of the Department of American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota, Duluth.]
Newspapers
The Progress (founded 1886)
The Tomahawk (succeeded The Progress)
Read more issues at Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub
“Clement Hudon Beaulieu and Elizabeth Farling raised ten children and were removed by the federal government from Old Crow Wing to the new White Earth Reservation. Augustus Hudon Beaulieu, the firstborn, founded and was publisher of the Progress, and later the Tomahawk, the first weekly newspapers published on the reservation. Clement Hudon Beaulieu, the eighth child and namesake of his father, became a priest in the Episcopal Church. Charles Hudon Beaulieu served in the Civil War and was promoted from private to captain in the Ninth Minnesota Volunteers.” [Blue Ravens]
Articles by Gerald Vizenor, for the Minneapolis Tribune
On the suicide of 13-year-old Dane White (Dakota)
On Senator Walter Mondale’s response to White’s suicide
On the death and funeral rights of John Ka Ka Geesik
for Anishinaabeg Today
On the White Earth Land Recovery Project, “Obscure Land Recovery”
Literary Papers and Manuscripts of Gerald Vizenor